Obtaining from a descriptive/analytical research and based on a professional experiences of the author, this article surveys and discusses the NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERE existed historically in portrayal works and graphics as well as represents the existing standpoints around it. The relationships between Gestalt’s visual perceptive principals including background and pattern, similarity, contiguity, unity and continuity and the NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERE are also explained. Then, William’s designing principal (contiguity, alignment, repetition and contrast (resulted from aforementioned quintuplet principals are expressed illustratively. Furthermore, Von Restorff’s effect and its relation with this NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERE are addressed. Finally, the state and importance of this NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERE in graphic works such as signs, posters, book covers, advertisement in press and so forth are elucidated. In all of the foregoing works, the NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERE is as dominant as positive ATMOSPHERE being the shape of work.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of emotional family ATMOSPHERE in drug use tendency based on the mediating role of NEGATIVE affect. Method: A correlational research method was used for the conduct of this study by using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included students of Farhangian Shahid Beheshti Campus of Mashhad in the academic year 2017-18. From among this population, the number of 400 students (311 male students and 89 female students) was selected as the participants of the study via random cluster sampling method. Addiction Tendency Questionnaire (Mirhesami, 2009), Emotional Family ATMOSPHERE Scale (Burn, 1964), and Positive and NEGATIVE Affect Scale (Watson et al., 1988) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural simulation modeling in SPSS (version 18) and AMOS (version 21). Results: The results showed that NEGATIVE affect has a mediating role in the relationship between emotional family ATMOSPHERE and drug use tendency. In addition, the fit indices are also placed in the domains. According to these points, the final model of the research enjoys a desired goodness of fit. Conclusion: Considering the role of emotional family ATMOSPHERE and NEGATIVE affect in predicting addiction, it is possible to make use of the current findings to train families and conduct preventive interventions in educational centers through the conduct of appropriate workshops.

Introduction: Biodesulfurization is used as a selective method for lowering the sulfur content of petroleum products.Materials and methods: A sulfur-oxidation bacterial strain named Rhodococcus erythropolis R1 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GU570564) was used in this study for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT).Results: The induced culture of strain R1 was able to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2- HBP) from DBT followed 4S pathway without further degrading carbon backbone. This process confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The specific activity of DBT desulfurization by R1 was 45 mM (g dry wt) -1 h-1. The addition of Tween 80 as surfactant and glycerol as carbon source determines a 100% rate of DBT-desulfurization during 3 days. The heavy plasmid detected in R1 strain carries dsz genes responsible for biodesulfurization of DBT that was shown by PCR reaction. The mutant strains which had lost this plasmid also had lost desulfurization phenotype. Both mutant and wild strain were sensitive to high concentration of 2-HBP and some antibiotics.Discussion and conclusion: Strain R1 desulfurize DBT through the sulfur-specific degradation pathway or 4S pathway with the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur (C-S) bonds without reducing the energy content. Addition of surfactant enhanced the desulfurization of DBT by increasing its bioavailability and also could improve the growth and desulfurization rate. The location of desulfurization genes was on a heavy plasmid in strain R1. Based on the results of this study, R. erythropolis R1 could serve as a model system for efficient biodesulfurization of petroleum oil without reducing the energy value.

Arguing that human rights treaties by their nature are different from other international agreements, this Article deals mainly with such questions as succession of states in respect of human rights treaties and reservations to such instruments.  In contrast to other treaties, which are generally “inter-states exchange of interests”, human rights documents are protective instruments according to which states parties undertake to restrain their discretion as regards fundamental rights and freedoms both internally and internationally. This is why adopting different approach to offer a proper theoretical framework as to the above questions seems to be necessary. In addition to author’s classification of human rights treaties into six categories, the idea of automatic succession of states to human rights instruments and invalidity of certain reservations to these treaties are main contribution of this study.

Methane concentrations in Kano municipality have been attributed to the burning of solid and fossil fuels and industrial processes. Using an automatic gas sampling system, methane in the Kano ATMOSPHERE was determined. Its distribution in the municipality was skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.61±0.39 m/m3. Similarly the distribution in Sabon gari, Bata, Nassarawa and Hotoro were 0.41±0.28; 0.58±0.29; 0.46±0.31 and 0.71±0.49 m/m3 respectively while BUK, City Brigade, Kurna-Asabe and other residential areas were (0.54±0.45, 0.74±0.46; 0.61±0.34; 0.78±0.40 m/m3) respectively. The industrial areas did not show significant variations from each other as in the residential areas.

Modified ATMOSPHERE packaging (MAP) is a technique that alters the air composition inside packaging to extend the shelf life of products, preserving their quality during storage. MAP has proven to be beneficial and significant for various products, both in laboratory and industrial settings. This article presents an overview of MAP packaging types and their evolution, including active, passive, and porous MAP, as well as the use of diverse gas combinations. Active MAP changes the ATMOSPHERE content during packaging while passive MAP alters the packaging ATMOSPHERE's composition through breathing or gas exchange with the environment. Porous MAP is a hybrid approach that allows gas exchange between the product and the environment. Furthermore, this article discusses the impact of different gas mixtures on product quality and safety, emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate packaging materials for each application, and offers valuable insights into MAP packaging options, enabling informed decisions to optimize quality and ensure product longevity.